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\f0\fs32 \cf0 FYS4555 - Particle Physics\
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\fs22 \cf0 \
The course provides the basic principles and concepts to understand the fascinating world of quarks and leptons, today\'92s constituents of matter,  the fundamental forces of Nature, and the evolution of the early Universe. You will learn about the current knowledge and how today\'92s research in the field attempts to address some of the greatest mysteries in physics today: the nature of dark matter, the origin of antimatter and the behaviour of the gravitational force at the microscopic scale.\
\
Building on Martin & Shaw\'92s {\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://books.google.fr/books?id=aJaDDQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false"}}{\fldrslt \cf2 \ul \ulc2 Particle Physics}}, we follow Mark Thomson\'92s book {\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http://www.cambridge.org/ae/academic/subjects/physics/particle-physics-and-nuclear-physics/modern-particle-physics"}}{\fldrslt \cf2 \ul \ulc2 Modern Particle Physics}}:\
\
1. Introduction\
2. Underlying concepts\
3. Decay rates and cross sections\
4. The Dirac equation\
5. Interaction by particle exchange\
6. Electron-positron annihilation\
7. Electron-proton elastic scattering\
8. Deep inelastic scattering\
9. Symmetries and the quark model\
10. Quantum chromodynamics\
11. The weak interaction\
12. The weak interactions of leptons\
13. Neutrinos and neutrino oscillations\
14. CP violation and weak hadronic interactions\
15. Electroweak unification\
16. Tests of the Standard Model\
17. The Higgs boson\
18. The Standard Model and beyond\
\
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\fs28 \cf3 Detailed course content\
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\fs22 \cf0 \
1 Introduction\
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\ls1\ilvl0\cf0 1.	1.1  The Standard Model of particle physics\
2.	1.2  Interactions of particles with matter\
3.	1.3  Collider experiments\
4.	1.4  Measurements at particle accelerators\
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\ls1\ilvl0\cf0 2  Underlying concepts\
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\ls1\ilvl0\cf0 2.1  Units in particle physics\
2.2  Special relativity\
2.3  Non-relativistic quantum mechanics\
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\ls1\ilvl0\cf0 3  Decay rates and cross sections\
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\ls1\ilvl0\cf0 3.1  Fermi\'92s golden rule\
3.2  Phase space and wavefunction normalisation\
3.3  Particle decays\
3.4  Interaction cross sections\
3.5  Differential cross sections\
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\ls1\ilvl0\cf0 4  The Dirac equation\
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\ls1\ilvl0\cf0 4.1  The Klein\'96Gordon equation\
4.2  The Dirac equation\
4.3  Probability density and probability current\
4.4  *Spin and the Dirac equation\
4.5  Covariant form of the Dirac equation\
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\ls2\ilvl0\cf0 1.	4.6  Solutions to the Dirac equation 92\
2.	4.7  Antiparticles 96\
3.	4.8  Spin and helicity states 104\
4.	4.9  Intrinsic parity of Dirac fermions 108\
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\ls2\ilvl0\cf0 5 Interaction by particle exchange 114\
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\ls3\ilvl0\cf0 1.	5.1  First- and second-order perturbation theory 114\
2.	5.2  Feynman diagrams and virtual particles 118\
3.	5.3  Introduction to QED 121\
4.	5.4  Feynman rules for QED 124\
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\ls3\ilvl0\cf0 6 Electron\'96positron annihilation 128\
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\ls4\ilvl0\cf0 1.	6.1  Calculations in perturbation theory 128\
2.	6.2  Electron\'96positron annihilation 130\
3.	6.3  Spin in electron\'96positron annihilation 139\
4.	6.4  Chirality 140\
5.	6.5  *Trace techniques 144\
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\ls4\ilvl0\cf0 7 Electron\'96proton elastic scattering 160\
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\ls5\ilvl0\cf0 1.	7.1  Probing the structure of the proton 160\
2.	7.2  Rutherford and Mott scattering 161\
3.	7.3  Form factors 166\
4.	7.4  Relativistic electron\'96proton elastic scattering 168\
5.	7.5  The Rosenbluth formula 171\
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\ls5\ilvl0\cf0 8 Deep inelastic scattering 178\
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\ls6\ilvl0\cf0 1.	8.1  Electron\'96proton inelastic scattering 178\
2.	8.2  Deep inelastic scattering 183\
3.	8.3  Electron\'96quark scattering 186\
4.	8.4  The quark\'96parton model 189\
5.	8.5  Electron\'96proton scattering at the HERA collider 199\
6.	8.6  Parton distribution function measurements 202\
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\ls6\ilvl0\cf0 \
9 Symmetries and the quark model 207\
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\ls7\ilvl0\cf0 1.	9.1  Symmetries in quantum mechanics 207\
2.	9.2  Flavour symmetry 211\
3.	9.3  Combining quarks into baryons 215\
4.	9.4  Ground state baryon wavefunctions 219\
5.	9.5  Isospin representation of antiquarks 221\
6.	9.6  SU(3) flavour symmetry 223\
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\ls7\ilvl0\cf0 9.7 *Addendum: Flavour symmetry revisited 239 \
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\ls7\ilvl0\cf0 10 Quantum Chromodynamics(QCD) 242 \
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\ls7\ilvl0\cf0 10.1 The local gauge principle 242 \
10.2 Colour and QCD 245 \
10.3 Gluons 247 \
10.4 Colour confinement 248 \
10.5 Running of \uc0\u945 
\i\fs16 S 
\i0\fs22 and asymptotic freedom 253 \
10.6 QCD in electron\'96positron annihilation 259 \
10.7 Colour factors 264 \
10.8 Heavy mesons and the QCD colour potential 271 \
10.9 Hadron\'96hadron collisions 274  \
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\ls7\ilvl0\cf0 11 The weak interaction 285 \
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\ls7\ilvl0\cf0 11.1 The weak charged-current interaction 285 \
11.2 Parity 285 \
11.3 
\i V 
\i0 \'96 
\i A 
\i0 structure of the weak interaction 290 \
11.4 Chiral structure of the weak interaction 293 \
11.5 The W-boson propagator 295 \
11.6 Helicity in pion decay 298 \
11.7 Experimental evidence for 
\i V 
\i0 \'96 
\i A 
\i0 303  \
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\ls7\ilvl0\cf0 12 The weak interactions of leptons 307 \
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\ls7\ilvl0\cf0 12.1 Lepton universality 307 \
12.2 Neutrino scattering 309 \
12.3 Neutrino scattering experiments 319 \
12.4 Structure functions in neutrino interactions 322 \
12.5 Charged-current electron\'96proton scattering 324\
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\ls7\ilvl0\cf0 13 Neutrinos and neutrino oscillations 329 \
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\ls7\ilvl0\cf0 13.1 Neutrino flavours 329\
13.2 Solar neutrinos 330\
13.3 Mass and weak eigenstates 336\
13.4 Neutrino oscillations of two flavours 338 \
13.5 Neutrino oscillations of three flavours 342 \
13.6 Neutrino oscillation experiments 351 \
13.7 Reactor experiments 353 \
13.8 Long-baseline neutrino experiments 357 \
13.9 The global picture 360  \
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\ls7\ilvl0\cf0 14 CP violation and weak hadronic interactions 364 \
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\ls7\ilvl0\cf0 14.1 CP violation in the early Universe 364 \
14.2 The weak interactions of quarks 365 \
14.3 The CKM matrix 368 \
14.4 The neutral kaon system 371 \
14.5 Strangeness oscillations 384 \
14.6 B-meson physics 394 \
14.7 CP violation in the Standard Model 402  \
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\ls7\ilvl0\cf0 15 Electroweak unification 408 \
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\ls7\ilvl0\cf0 15.1 Properties of the W bosons 408 \
15.2 The weak interaction gauge group 415 \
15.3 Electroweak unification 418 \
15.4 Decays of the Z 424  \
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\ls7\ilvl0\cf0 16 Tests of the Standard Model 428 \
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\ls7\ilvl0\cf0 16.1 The Z resonance 428 \
16.2 The Large Electron\'96Positron collider 434 \
16.3 Properties of the W boson 442 \
16.4 Quantum loop corrections 448 \
16.5 The top quark 450\
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\ls7\ilvl0\cf0 \
17 The Higgs boson 460\
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\ls7\ilvl0\cf0 17.1 The need for the Higgs boson 460 \
17.2 Lagrangians in Quantum Field Theory 461 \
17.3 Local gauge invariance 467 \
17.4 Particle masses 469 \
17.5 The Higgs mechanism 470 \
17.6 Properties of the Higgs boson 487 \
17.7 The discovery of the Higgs boson 490 \
17.8 *Addendum: Neutrino masses 494  \
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\ls7\ilvl0\cf0 18 The Standard Model and beyond 499 \
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\ls7\ilvl0\cf0 18.1 The Standard Model 499 \
18.2 Open questions in particle physics 501 \
18.3 Closing words 510\
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\ls7\ilvl0\cf0 Appendix A The Dirac delta-function 512\
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\ls8\ilvl0\cf0 1.	A.1  Definition of the Dirac delta-function 512\
2.	A.2  Fourier transform of a delta-function 513\
3.	A.3  Delta-function of a function 513\
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\ls8\ilvl0\cf0 Appendix B Dirac equation 515\
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\ls9\ilvl0\cf0 1.	B.1  Magnetic moment of a Dirac fermion 515\
2.	B.2  Covariance of the Dirac equation 517\
3.	B.3  Four-vector current 520\
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\ls9\ilvl0\cf0 Appendix C The low mass hadrons 523\
Appendix D Gauge boson polarisation states 525\
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\ls10\ilvl0\cf0 1.	D.1  Classical electromagnetism 525\
2.	D.2  Photon polarisation states 527\
3.	D.3  Polarisation states of massive spin-1 particles 528\
4.	D.4  Polarisation sums 530\
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\ls10\ilvl0\cf0 Appendix E Noether\'92s theorem 535\
Appendix F Non-Abelian gauge theories 537\
\
\
}